论文:鱼类leptin基因研究进展
摘要:简述了近年来鱼类leptin研究进展,介绍了鱼类leptin基因的结构、表达与分泌及生物学作用,分析了leptin对摄食和体重的调控、与新陈代谢的关系、对繁殖的调控以及对衰老的影响等。
关键词:leptin;鱼类;摄食;能耗;繁殖;衰老
中图分类号:S917 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0439-8114(2017)01-0005-05
DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2017.01.002
Research Progress of Leptin in Fish
ZHOU Yang, DU Yan-ling, SU Feng
(College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China)
Abstract:This paper briefly summarizes the recent progress on the studies of leptin in fish. The structure, expression and secretion of leptin gene in fish and its biological function were introduced. The effects of leptin on the regulation of feeding and body weight, the metabolism, the regulation of reproduction and the effects on aging were analyzed.
Key words:leptin; fish; food intake; energy expenditure; reproduction; aging
1994年,利用定位克隆技术得到了小鼠和人的肥胖基因(obese gene),其编码产物瘦素(leptin)由脂肪细胞合成释放,在体重调节及能量代谢过程中发挥了重要作用。由于鱼类leptin基因与哺乳动物的leptin相比同源性较低,直到2005年,根据人和小鼠的leptin基因,采用比较基因组学方法,才从红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)克隆到leptin基因序列,促进了鱼类的leptin研究。自从红鳍东方鲀leptin基因克隆成功后,接着数种鱼类的leptin基因被克隆出来,并且利用多种分子生物学手段对鱼类leptin功能展开研究。
1 leptin
1.1 leptin的结构
迄今为止,已经克隆的鱼类leptin基因包括:红鳍东方鲀、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)[1]、日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)[2]、金鱼(Carassius auratus)[3]、虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykis)[4]、大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)[5]、罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)[6]、大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)[7]、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)[8]、北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpines)[9]、鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、草鱼(Ctenopharynogodon iddla)[10]、鲈(Morone saxatilis)[11]、大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)[12]、石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)[13]、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[14]、白云山鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)[15]、鲐鲅鱼(Scomber japonicus)[16]、纳氏臀点脂鲤(Pygocentrus nattereri)[17]。在某些鱼类中存在两种leptin基因,如日本青鳉中存在mLEP-A和mLEP-B[2],分别位于6号和23号染色体上,其中mLEP-A全长cDNA为849 bp,开放读码框编码156 aa的蛋白质,mLEP-B全长cDNA为506 bp,开放读码框编码158 aa的蛋白质;斑马鱼中存在leptin-a和leptin-b两个基因[8],所编码蛋白分别由166和168个氨基酸组成。红鳍东方鲀中由一个未知基因的缺失导致它缺少leptin-b[18]。系统发育重建表明,由于鱼类中的基因组复制导致部分鱼类中存在不同亚型的leptin基因,鱼类中发现的leptin基因主要有两类:leptin-a和leptin-b。事实上,在鱼类中绝大部分已克隆的leptin基因都是leptin-a。到目前为止,大马哈鱼、北极红点鲑和黄颡鱼中仅有一种leptin-a被发现[5,9,14];在鲤鱼和大西洋鲑鱼中发现两种同源leptin-a[1,7],在罗非鱼、石斑鱼、鲐鲅鱼中发现leptin-a和leptin-b[13,15,19]。序列比对发现日本青鳉mLEP-A和mLEP-B的氨基酸同源性仅为16.5%。同样,斑马鱼中存在leptin-a和leptin-b两个基因所编码蛋白的氨基酸同源性也很低,只有24%。这说明来自同一基因復制后由于各自经历巨大变化,导致出现不同亚型的leptin基因。Copeland等[18]认为目前还无法确定鱼类中哪一种leptin基因与哺乳动物是直系同源的,因为在鱼类leptin进化树中是存在多个分枝,leptin-a和leptin-b基因混杂在不同进化分支中,不能明确判断鱼类中哪一种leptin基因与哺乳动物是直系同源的。因此,需要更多的鱼类基因组数据以及leptin-a和leptin-b的序列信息来阐明鱼类leptin的进化过程。不同种鱼类之间以及鱼类与哺乳动物之间leptin的氨基酸一级结构同源性很低。然而,鱼类leptin基因结构与哺乳动物类似,由信号肽与成熟肽组成,具有分泌蛋白的特征,并且蛋白的二级和三级结构高度保守,都含有4个反向平行的α-螺旋及两个半胱氨酸形成的二硫键[1,4,20,21],表明它们可能执行相似功能。
1.2 leptin受体(LEPR)
激素总是通过受体发挥作用。Leptin通过与LEPR结合来调节摄食和能量平衡。鱼类LEPR基因首先在日本青鳉中克隆出来,发现LEPR的cDNA包含一个3 225 bp的开放阅读框,编码1 074个氨基酸的蛋白质[22]。随后,人们分别在红鳍东方鲀[23]、斑马鱼[24]、大西洋鲑鱼[7]、石斑鱼[13]、黄颡鱼[14]和鲐鲅鱼[16]等鱼类中克隆出leptin长型受体的完整编码区,并从基因组定位、组织分布和发育表达调控等角度进行了初步研究,发现鱼类LEPR在分子进化过程中相对保守。此外,LEPR中与leptin结合结构域也比较保守[2,7,14,18]。
1.3 leptin的表达与分泌
RT-PCR检测表明红鳍东方鲀leptin主要在肝脏中表达,在卵巢中也有少量表达,而在脑、垂体、肌肉、肾脏等组织中没有检测到leptin的表达。有的鱼类肥胖基因存在多拷贝,而不同亚型leptin的表达组织也存在一定的差异。在斑马鱼中,leptin-a主要在肝脏中表达,并且在检测的各组织中,leptin-a的表达都高于leptin-b,leptin-b主要在卵巢中表达[8];在日本青鳉中,mLEP-A也是主要在肝脏中表达,而mLEP-B主要在脑和眼睛中表达[2];草鱼leptin-a也主要是在肝脏表达[10];在石斑鱼中,leptin-a主要在小脑、肝脏、卵巢中表达,leptin-b在脑的各部分都有表达,在卵巢中也有表达[13];成年雌鲐鲅鱼leptin-a只在肝脏中表达,leptin-b主要在脑中表达[16]。由此可见,鱼类leptin主要在肝脏中大量表达,这与哺乳类leptin主要在脂肪细胞表达不同。
2 leptin的生物学作用
2.1 leptin对摄食和体重的调控
在鲤鱼中,肝脏leptin基因表达水平在摄食后会有所上升,这与老鼠实验观察结果相似[25],说明鱼类leptin表达水平与其营养状态有关[1]。自从在鲤鱼中探究了leptin与摄食的关系,陆续有许多实验开始探讨leptin对食物摄入量的影响。有趣的是,一些研究证明一段时间饥饿后leptin表达水平增加[15,26,27],这可能说明leptin是一个能增加食欲而不是使食欲减退的作用因素。饥饿处理的虹鳟鱼腹部皮瓣处leptin-a1表达量比喂食虹鳟鱼甚至是喂食2 d后的饥饿处理虹鳟鱼高,表明组织leptin的作用在长期内稳态调节能量[28]。然而,向鱼腹腔注射或脑室内注射同源或异种leptin蛋白后,观察结果始终都是食物摄入量减少[4,29,30,31]。Volkoff等[32]研究发现,低剂量的leptin就能抑制金鱼大脑中神经肽Y(NPY)的合成,然而当单独给金鱼施用外源性的NPY时,却对金鱼的摄食没有影响,NPY能够刺激摄食,增加血浆胰岛素和糖皮质激素的浓度[33],这表明NPY对leptin的反应性增加,很可能是通过leptin受体的一个向上调节机制来进行的,在形成一个负反馈回路的基础上维持摄食和能量平衡。这说明leptin对摄食、能量消耗及脂类代谢的调控存在急性效应。
2.2 leptin与新陈代谢
鱼类中,leptin在新陈代谢中扮演了重要的角色。在缺氧条件下,哺乳动物脂肪细胞增加leptin的表达和分泌,并发现缺氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)的调节与leptin基因有关[34,35,36]。在鱼类中也发现了类似的HIF-1通路[37,38]。Chu等[39]分别在成年斑马鱼的肝脏和它们的胚胎中检测了组织缺氧和HIF-1对leptin基因表达的影响,结果表明斑马鱼的leptin是一个缺氧诱导基因,这个基因或许是通过与HIF-1相互作用而被刺激的[40]。为了适应缺氧的环境,除了增加leptin的表达量,还提高血红蛋白携氧力,显著改变神经肽/南美豚鼠相关蛋白(NPY/AgRP)、促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原(POMC)的下丘脑反馈路线[41]。近期研究发现leptin还与疾病介导厌氧的厌食反应有关[42]。Bernier 和MacDonald的研究说明,增加leptin表达不是因为减少了摄食而是由于缺氧引起的。鱼类在低温和缺氧的环境中,可能由leptin调节能量消耗和食物摄入量之间的平衡。
大多数鱼的甘油三酯除储存在内脏、头部、皮下的脂肪组织外,还储存在肌肉和肝脏中。多项研究一致认为,leptin促进脂肪降解从而降低脂肪生成。金鱼体内注射人类leptin蛋白后导致肝脏脂质含量降低[3];蓝太阳鱼(Lepomis cyanellus)体内注射鼠leptin蛋白,脂肪酸结合蛋白和肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶增加[31]。在草鱼试验中,leptin可以显著地减少肝脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和硬脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶-1(SCD1)基因的表达[10]。
2.3 leptin对繁殖的调控
很多关于鱼类leptin的功能研究表明鱼类leptin对其繁殖发育有一定的影响。例如多种鱼类LEPR在魚类下丘脑侧面结节核中大量表达,也在子宫、卵巢等生殖系统中表达[7,14,24]。哺乳动物leptin可以增加海鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)合成分泌黄体生成素和生长乳素[43,44]。另外,体外试验研究表明,利用人类leptin可以促进雌性虹鳟鱼中垂体释放卵泡刺激素和黄体生成素[45]。最近,有研究对比发育成熟和未成熟的三文鱼血浆leptin含量和肝脏leptin基因表达水平,结果表明性腺成熟的三文鱼leptin mRNA水平显著升高,血浆leptin含量也有所上升[46]。同样,在另一种鲑科鱼类中,雌性和雄性香鱼在排卵季节,血浆leptin含量都有所升高[47]。相反,淡水鳕鱼血浆leptin含量在排卵前和排卵期较低,但在排卵后能量储存较低的一段时间内有所上升[48]。
2.4 leptin對衰老的影响
衰老和肥胖息息相关,一方面中年阶段开始变肥胖,另一方面肥胖加速衰老,使肌肉萎缩、神经退变。衰老与脂肪量增加以及中央和外周leptin抗性有关,即使在青年期,leptin抗性也是衰老和肥胖的一种常见特征[49]。无论在何种年龄段,肥胖能提高leptin抗性[50]。在哺乳动物中,leptin对记忆力和神经保护也发挥了作用:leptin通过激活钾离子通道以刺激海马神经元;leptin受体缺陷型老鼠,其空间学习能力受损,这有可能说明leptin信号影响神经元兴奋和突触可塑性[51]。Leptin通过与受体连接,调节CDK5、AMPK、GSK3 β和STAT3等关键通路,在神经保护中起重要作用[52]。还有实验证明leptin对多巴胺能神经细胞和其他细胞、大脑区域有保护作用[52,53]。Leptin通过影响神经内分泌,达到热量限制、延长寿命的效果[54]。热量限制可以提高胰岛素的敏感性和葡萄糖利用的有效性,而leptin能影响胰岛素和葡萄糖利用率:leptin增加葡萄糖利用率[55],胰岛素促进脂肪组织leptin基因的表达[56,57],分泌的leptin反过来抑制胰岛素,胰岛素信号降低,对胰岛素的敏感性增强,血浆胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平下降,大分子物质氧化损伤降低,应激抵抗增强[58]。由于鱼类leptin的生物学功能类似于哺乳动物且有相似的信号通路,可以预测鱼类leptin可能也对衰老有一定的影响。
综上所述,经过多年的研究,对鱼类leptin的结构、表达及生物学功能都有了一定的认识。Leptin在哺乳动物和啮齿动物中的研究比较多,而对鱼类leptin生物学功能的研究比较少,特别是结合leptin对鱼类摄食、营养、生殖和衰老的影响研究寥寥无几,值得并亟待深入开展。
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